Table 4 Model-averaged parameter coefficients for relationship of different factors with elk occurrence (temporal models) or relative local abundance (spatial model); np = not present in the model
From: Trophic interactions and dynamic herbivore responses to snowpack
| Â | Temporal model (6-day lag for mature male elk) | Temporal model (no time lags) | Spatial model | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Mean | SE | 95% CI | Mean | SE | 95% CI | Mean | SE | 95% CI |
Winterday | −0.93 | 0.12 | −1.16 : −0.71 | −0.92 | 0.11 | −1.15 : −0.70 | np |  |  |
SWE | −0.13 | 0.12 | −0.36 : 0.10 | −0.13 | 0.11 | −0.35 : 0.09 | −0.16 | 2.15 | −4.37 : 4.04 |
Wolf | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.01 : 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 : 0.02 | −0.32 | 0.75 | −1.80 : 1.15 |
Sex | 0.33 | 0.13 | 0.08 : 0.58 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.13 : 0.60 | 11.28 | 3.02 | 5.36 : 17.20 |
Winterday × SWE | −0.49 | 0.11 | −0.71 : −0.28 | −0.51 | 0.11 | −0.74 : −0.29 | np |  |  |
Winterday × wolf | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 : 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 : 0.00 | np |  |  |
Winterday × sex | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.03 : 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 : 0.06 | np |  |  |
SWE × wolf | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 : 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 : 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.19 | −0.21 : 0.54 |
SWE × sex | −0.73 | 0.14 | −1.01 : −0.45 | −0.69 | 0.14 | −0.96 : −0.41 | −9.13 | 2.96 | −14.92 : −3.33 |
Wolf × sex | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 : 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 : 0.00 | −0.09 | 0.22 | −0.52 : 0.33 |
Winterday × SWE × wolf | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 : 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 : 0.00 | np |  |  |
Winterday × SWE × sex | −0.33 | 0.08 | −0.47 : −0.18 | −0.37 | 0.08 | −0.54 : −0.21 | np |  |  |
Winterday × wolf × sex | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 : 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 : 0.00 | np |  |  |
SWE × wolf × sex | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 : 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 : 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.42 | −0.26 : 1.38 |