Table 1 A summary of caching behaviour of 203 vertebrates (adopted and updated from [164]). Caching behaviour includes duration of food storage, the perishability and type of food cached, and the location where food is stored are included within the table. In many cases, information on each of these three categories represent a ‘best estimate’, as much of the literature consists of anecdotal reports or natural history observations. All species were assigned a susceptibility score from 1-9 based on variation in two major aspects of caching behaviour: duration and food perishability (see text for details). Susceptibility to climate change was predicted to be lowest for short-term cachers of low perishable food item (1) and highest for long-term cachers of perishable food items (9). More research is needed to understand how location of storage may influence degradation of cached food and was, therefore, not included in the susceptibility score

Species

Duration

Perishability

Food cached

Placement

Susceptibility

Jackdaw

S

Low

E, N, Mi, SM

Arboreal Cavity

1

Corvus monedula

Red tree vole

S

Low

WV

Arboreal Cavity

1

Arborimus longicaudus

Black-capped chickadee

S

Low

I, N, S

Arboreal Surface

1

Parus atricapillus

Boreal chickadee

S

Low

N, S

Arboreal Surface

1

Parus hudsonicus

Brown-headed nuthatch

S

Low

I, S

Arboreal Surface

1

Sitta pusilla

Coal tit

S

Low

I

Arboreal Surface

1

Parus ater

Eurasian nuthatch

S

Low

N, S

Arboreal Surface

1

Sitta europaea

Marsh tit

S

Low

S

Arboreal Surface

1

Parus palustris

Pygmy nuthatch

S

Low

I, S

Arboreal Surface

1

Sitta pygmaea

Red-breasted nuthatch

S

Low

N, S

Arboreal Surface

1

Sitta canadensis

Siberian tit

S

Low

S

Arboreal Surface

1

Parus cinctus

Tufted titmouse

S

Low

N, S

Arboreal Surface

1

Parus bicolor

White-breasted nuthatch

S

Low

N, S

Arboreal Surface

1

Sitta carolinensis

Large Japanese field mouse

S

Low

N, S

Subterranean Ground

1

Apodemus speciosus

Mexican spiny pocket mouse

S

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

1

Liomys irroratus

Small Japanese field mouse

S

Low

N, S

Subterranean Ground

1

Apodemus argenteus

Wood mouse

S

Low

N, S

Subterranean Ground

1

Apodemus sylvaticus

Yellow-necked mouse

S

Low

N, S

Subterranean Ground

1

Apodemus flavicollis

Fish crow

S

Mixed

Mi

Arboreal Surface

2

Corvus ossifragus

African striped weasel

S

High

Ca, SM

Arboreal Cavity

3

Poecilogale albinucha

Barn owl

S

High

SM

Arboreal Cavity

3

Tyto alba

Elf owl

S

High

I

Arboreal Cavity

3

Micrathene whitneyi

Schreech owl

S

High

SM

Arboreal Cavity

3

Otus asio

American kestrel

S

High

Bi, Re, SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Falco sparverius

Barred owl

S

High

SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Strix varia

Bat falcon

S

High

Ba, Bi

Arboreal Surface

3

Falco rufigulais

Boreal owl

S

High

SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Aegolius funereus

Broad-winged hawk

S

High

Bi

Arboreal Surface

3

Buteo platypterus

Buzzard

S

High

SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Buteo buteo

Crowned eagle

S

High

MM

Arboreal Surface

3

Stephanoaetus coronatus

Eagle owl

S

High

Bi

Arboreal Surface

3

Bubo bubo

Eleonora's falcon

S

High

Bi

Arboreal Surface

3

Falco eleonarae

Eurasian pygmy owl

S

High

Bi, SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Glaucidium passerinum

European kestrel

S

High

SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Falco tinnunculus

Goshawk

S

High

Bi, SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Accipiter gentilis

Great horned owl

S

High

SM, MM

Arboreal Surface

3

Bubo virginianus

Leopard

S

High

LM, MM

Arboreal Surface

3

Panthera pardus

Little owl

S

High

Bi, SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Athene noctua

Merlin

S

High

Bi, SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Falco columbarius

New Zealand falcon

S

High

Bi

Arboreal Surface

3

Falco novaehollandiae

Northern hawk owl

S

High

SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Surnia ulula

Northern pygmy owl

S

High

SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Glaucidium gnoma

Northern shrike

S

High

Bi, SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Lanius excubitor

Orange-breasted falcon

S

High

Ba

Arboreal Surface

3

Falco deiroleucus

Peregrine falcon

S

High

Bi

Arboreal Surface

3

Falco peregrinus

Prairie falcon

S

High

Bi

Arboreal Surface

3

Falco mexicanus

Prevost's squirrel

S

High

Fr

Arboreal Surface

3

Callosciurus prevosti

Saw-whet owl

S

High

SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Aegolius acadicus

South island robin

S

High

I

Arboreal Surface

3

Petroica australis

Sparrowhawk

S

High

Bi, SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Accipiter nisus

Tawny owl

S

High

SM

Arboreal Surface

3

Strix aluco

African wild dog

S

High

LM, MM

Ground Surface

3

Lycaon pictus

Barbados green monkey

S

High

Fr

Ground Surface

3

Cercopithecus aethiops

Black bear

S

High

Ca, MM, SM

Ground Surface

3

Ursus americanus

Black-backed jackal

S

High

LM, SM, MM

Ground Surface

3

Canis mesomelus

Black-billed magpie

S

High

Ca, E, N, Mi

Ground Surface

3

Pica pica

Bobcat

S

High

MM, SM

Ground Surface

3

Lynx rufus

Brown bear

S

High

Ca, LM, MM

Ground Surface

3

Ursus arctos

Canadian lynx

S

High

MM, SM

Ground Surface

3

Lynx canadensis

Carrion crow

S

High

Ca

Ground Surface

3

Corvus corone

Common crow

S

High

A, E, Fi, N, SM

Ground Surface

3

Corvus brachyrhynchos

Common raven

S

High

Ca, E, Mi, SM

Ground Surface

3

Corvus corax

Coyote

S

High

LM, SM, MM

Ground Surface

3

Canis latrans

European lynx

S

High

MM, SM

Ground Surface

3

Lynx lynx

Fennec fox

S

High

E, MM, SM

Ground Surface

3

Vulpes zerda

Fisher

S

High

Bi, MM, SM

Ground Surface

3

Martes pennanti

Golden jackal

S

High

LM, SM, MM

Ground Surface

3

Canis aureus

Lion

S

High

LM, MM

Ground Surface

3

Panthera leo

MacGregor's bowerbird

S

High

Fr

Ground Surface

3

Amblyornis macgregoriae

Mink

S

High

Bi, MM, SM

Ground Surface

3

Mustela vison

Mountain lion

S

High

LM, MM

Ground Surface

3

Felis concolor

Northwestern crow

S

High

Fi, I

Ground Surface

3

Corvus caurinus

Pine marten

S

High

Bi, Ca, MM, SM

Ground Surface

3

Martes martes

Polar bear

S

High

LM, MM

Ground Surface

3

Ursus maritimus

Snowy owl

S

High

MM, SM

Ground Surface

3

Nyctea scandiaca

Tiger

S

High

LM, MM

Ground Surface

3

Panthera tigris

Wolf

S

High

LM, SM, MM

Ground Surface

3

Canis lupus

Arctic shrew

S

High

I

Subterranean Ground

3

Sorex arcticus

Badger

S

High

Ca, MM, SM

Subterranean Ground

3

Taxidea taxus

Burrowing owl

S

High

I, R

Subterranean Ground

3

Athene cunicularia

European mole

S

High

I

Subterranean Ground

3

Talpa europaea

Least weasel

S

High

SM

Subterranean Ground

3

Mustela nivalis

Long-tailed weasel

S

High

SM

Subterranean Ground

3

Mustela frenata

Masked shrew

S

High

I

Subterranean Ground

3

Sorex cinereus

Mole-rat

S

High

B, V

Subterranean Ground

3

Spalax leucodon

Pygmy shrew

S

High

I

Subterranean Ground

3

Microsorex hoyi

Short-tailed weasel

S

High

SM

Subterranean Ground

3

Mustela erminea

Siberian mole

S

High

I

Subterranean Ground

3

Talpa altaica

Water shrew

S

High

A, I, SM

Subterranean Ground

3

Sorex palustris

Spotted hyena

S

High

LM, MM

Water

3

Crocuta crocuta

Heather vole

Mixed

Low

WV

Arboreal Surface

4

Phenacomys intermedius

Eastern gray squirrel

Mixed

Low

N, S, Mi

Ground Surface

4

Sciurus carolinensis

Eurasian red squirrel

Mixed

Low

Co, N, S

Ground Surface

4

Scirus vulgaris

Fox squirrel

Mixed

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

4

Sciurus niger

Great basin pocket mouse

Mixed

Low

S

Ground Surface

4

Perognathus parvus

Hispid pocket mouse

Mixed

Low

S

Ground Surface

4

Perognathus hispidus

Japanese squirrel

Mixed

Low

Co

Ground Surface

4

Sciurus lis

Little pocket mouse

Mixed

Low

S

Ground Surface

4

Perognathus longimembris

Long-tailed pocket mouse

Mixed

Low

S

Ground Surface

4

Perognathus formusus

Plains pocket mouse

Mixed

Low

S

Ground Surface

4

Perognathus flavescens

Red-tailed squirrel

Mixed

Low

N

Ground Surface

4

Sciurus granatensis

Rock pocket mouse

Mixed

Low

S

Ground Surface

4

Perognathus intermedius

Tassel-eared squirrel

Mixed

Low

N, S, Mu

Ground Surface/Arboreal Surface

4

Sciurus aberti

Alaska ground squirrel

Mixed

Low

S, V

Subterranean Ground

4

Spermophilus undulatus

Arctic ground squirrel

Mixed

Low

S, V

Subterranean Ground

4

Spermophilus parryii

Botta's pocket gopher

Mixed

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

4

Thomomys bottae

Djungarian hamster

Mixed

Low

N, S

Subterranean Ground

4

Phodopus sungorus

Golden-mantled ground squirrel

Mixed

Low

N, S

Subterranean Ground

4

Spermophilus lateralis

Lesser bandicoot rat

Mixed

Low

N, S, T

Subterranean Ground

4

Bandicota bengalensis

Mountain pocket gopher

Mixed

Low

V

Subterranean Ground

4

Thomomys monticola

Muskrat

Mixed

Low

B, R, T, V

Subterranean Ground

4

Ondatra zibethicus

Northern pocket gopher

Mixed

Low

R, T

Subterranean Ground

4

Thomomys talpoides

Pouched mouse

Mixed

Low

N, S

Subterranean Ground

4

Saccostomus campestris

Richardson ground squirrel

Mixed

Low

S, V

Subterranean Ground

4

Spermophilus richardsonii

Rock squirrel

Mixed

Low

N, S

Subterranean Ground

4

Spermophilus variegatus

Syrian golden hamster

Mixed

Low

S, R, T

Subterranean Ground

4

Mesocricetus auratus

Thirteen-lined ground squirrel

Mixed

Low

S, V

Subterranean Ground

4

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus

Desert woodrat

Mixed

Mixed

V

Ground Surface

5

Neotoma lepida

Eastern woodrat

Mixed

Mixed

V

Ground Surface

5

Neotoma floridana

White-throated woodrat

Mixed

Mixed

V

Ground Surface

5

Neotoma albigula

Bushy-tailed woodrat

Mixed

Mixed

V

Subterranean Ground

5

Neotoma cinerea

Mexican woodrat

Mixed

Mixed

S, V

Subterranean Ground

5

Neotoma mexicana

Mountain beaver

Mixed

High

V

Subterranean Ground

6

Aplodontia rufa

Arctic fox

Mixed

High

E, MM, SM

Ground Surface

6

Alopex lagopus

Red fox

Mixed

High

Bi, E, MM, SM

Ground Surface

6

Vulpes vulpes

Short-tailed shrew

Mixed

High

A, Fi, I, SM

Subterranean Ground

6

Blarina brevicauda

Agouti

L

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

7

Dasyprocta punctata

Alipne chipmunk

L

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

7

Tamias alpinus

Blue jay

L

Low

N, Mi, S

Ground Surface

7

Cyanocitta cristata

Clark's nutcracker

L

Low

S

Ground Surface

7

Nucifraga columbiana

Cliff chipmunk

L

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

7

Tamias dorsalis

Eastern chipmunk

L

Low

I, N, S

Ground Surface

7

Tamias striatus

Eurasian jay

L

Low

Co, N, S

Ground Surface

7

Garrulus glandarius

Eurasian nutcracker

L

Low

S

Ground Surface

7

Nucifraga caryocatactes

Flat-headed vole

L

Low

V

Ground Surface

7

Alticola strelzowi

Green achouti

L

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

7

Myoprocta acouchi

Least chipmunk

L

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

7

Tamias minimus

Lodgepole pine chipmunk

L

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

7

Tamias speciosus

North American pika

L

Low

V

Ground Surface

7

Ochotona princeps

Pinyon jay

L

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

7

Gymnorhinus cyanocephlus

Red achouchi

L

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

7

Myoprocta exilis

Red-tailed chipmunk

L

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

7

Tamias ruficaudus

Western scrub jay

L

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

7

Aphelocoma coerulescens

Siberian chipmunk

L

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

7

Tamias sibiricus

Siberian pika

L

Low

V

Ground Surface

7

Ochotona alpina

Steller's jay

L

Low

N, Mi, S

Ground Surface

7

Cyanocitta stelleri

Yellow pine chipmunk

L

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

7

Tamias amoenus

Douglas’squirrel

L

Low

Co, Mu, S

Ground Surface/Arboreal Surface

7

Tamiasciurus douglasii

Red squirrel

L

Low

Co, Mu, S

Ground Surface/Arboreal Surface

7

Tamiascurus hudsonicus

African giant rat

L

Low

N, S, T

Subterranean Ground

7

Cricetomys gambianus

Alaska vole

L

Low

V

Subterranean Ground

7

Microtus miurus

Bank vole

L

High

V (Lichen)

Arboreal Cavity/Surface

7

Clethrionomys glareolus

Banner-tailed kangaroo rat

L

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

7

Dipodomys spectabilis

Black-bellied hamster

L

Low

T, V

Subterranean Ground

7

Cricetus cricetus

Brandt's vole

L

Low

V, WV

Subterranean Ground

7

Microtus brandti

California ground squirrel

L

Low

S, V

Subterranean Ground

7

Spermophilus beecheyi

Cape mole-rat

L

Low

B, R, T

Subterranean Ground

7

Georychus capensis

Cape dune mole-rat

L

Low

T

Subterranean Ground

7

Bathyergus suillus

Common mole-rat

L

Low

B

Subterranean Ground

7

Cryptomys hottentotus

Common vole

L

Low

B

Subterranean Ground

7

Microtus arvalis

Coruro

L

Low

B, T

Subterranean Ground

7

Spalacopus cyanus

Daurian pika

L

Low

V

Subterranean Ground

7

Ochotona daurica

Deer mouse

L

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

7

Peromyscus maniculatus

Desert kangaroo rat

L

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

7

Dipodomys deserti

Diurnal sand rat

L

Low

S, V

Subterranean Ground

7

Psammomys obesus

Edible doormouse

L

Low

B, N, S

Subterranean Ground

7

Myoxus glis

Forest dormouse

L

Low

Co, S

Subterranean Ground

7

Dryomys nitedula

Giant kangaroo rat

L

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

7

Dipodomys ingens

Great basin kangaroo rat

L

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

7

Dipodomys microps

Greater long-tailed hamster

L

Low

V

Subterranean Ground

7

Cricetulus triton

Hazel doormouse

L

Low

Co, N, S

Subterranean Ground

7

Muscardinus avellanarius

Heermann's kangaroo rat

L

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

7

Dipodomys heermanni

Indian gerbil

L

Low

S, V

Subterranean Ground

7

Tatera indica

Meadow vole

L

Low

R

Subterranean Ground

7

Microtus pennsylvanicus

Merriam's kangaroo rat

L

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

7

Dipodomys merriami

Mexican jay

L

Low

N, S

Ground Surface

7

Aphelocoma ultramarina

Mid-day gerbil

L

Low

N, S, T, V

Subterranean Ground

7

Meriones meridianus

Mole-rat

L

Low

B, R, T, V

Subterranean Ground

7

Spalax microphthalmus

Mole vole

L

Low

B, T

Subterranean Ground

7

Ellobius talpinus

Mountain pygmy possum

L

Low

N, S

Subterranean Ground

7

Burramys parvus

Namaqua gerbil

L

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

7

Desmodillus auricularis

Nothern grasshopper mouse

L

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

7

Onychomys leucogaster

Pale kangaroo mouse

L

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

7

Microdipodops pallidus

Pallas’ pika

L

Low

V

Subterranean Ground

7

Ochotona pallasi

Plains pocket gopher

L

Low

B, T

Subterranean Ground

7

Geomys bursarius

Prairie vole

L

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

7

Pitmys ochrogaster

Reddish-gray vole

L

Low

V

Subterranean Ground

7

Clethrionomys rufocanus

Rook

L

Low

Co, N, S

Ground Surface

7

Corvus frugilegus

Santa Cruz kangaroo rat

L

Low

S

Subterranean Ground

7

Dipodomys venustus

Social vole

L

Low

B, R

Subterranean Ground

7

Microtus socialis

Southeastern pocket gopher

L

Low

B, T

Subterranean Ground

7

Geomys pinetis

Spiny pocket mouse

L

Low

Fr, N, S

Subterranean Ground

7

Heteromys desmarestianus

Taiga vole

L

Low

V

Subterranean Ground

7

Microtus xanthognathus

Tamarisk gerbil

L

Low

N, S, T,

Subterranean Ground

7

Meriones tamariscinus

Tree mouse

L

Low

S, N

Subterranean Ground

7

Beamys major

White-footed mouse

L

Low

N, S

Subterranean Ground

7

Peromyscus leucopus

American beaver

L

Mixed

V, WV

Water

8

Castor canadensis

Dusky-footed woodrat

L

Mixed

N, S, V

Subterranean Ground

8

Neotoma fuscipes

Eurasian beaver

L

Mixed

V, WV

Water

8

Castor fiber

Bull-headed shrike

L

High

Bi, I, SM

Arboreal Surface

9

Lanius bucephalus

Gray jay

L

High

Ca, Fr, I, Mi

Arboreal Surface

9

Perisoreus canadensis

Siberian jay

L

High

Ca, Fr, I

Arboreal Surface

9

Perisoreus infaustus

Wolverine

L

High

LM, MM

Ground Surface

9

Gulo gulo