UVR effect | Species | Light Source | References |
---|---|---|---|
Survival | |||
Reduced embryonic survival (hatching success) | Ambystoma gracile | Ambient sunlight | [178] |
Anaxyrus boreas | Ambient sunlight | [100] | |
Limnodynastes peronii | Artificial lamps | [147] | |
Lithobates sylvaticus | Artificial lamps | [93] | |
Litoria aurea | Ambient sunlight | [177] | |
Pseudacris cadaverina | Ambient sunlight | [179] | |
Rana aurora | Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps | [96] | |
Rana cascadae | Ambient sunlight | [100] | |
Taricha torosa | Ambient sunlight | [179] | |
Reduced larval survival | Ambystoma laterale | Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps | [181] |
Ambystoma macrodactylum | Artificial lamps | ||
Ambystoma maculatum | Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps | [181] | |
Anaxyrus americanus | Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps | [181] | |
 | Artificial lamps | [93] | |
Bufo bufo | Ambient sunlight | ||
Crinia signifera | Ambient sunlight | [114] | |
Hyla versicolor | Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps | [181] | |
 | Artificial lamps | [93] | |
Hypsiboas pulchellus | Artificial lamps | [69] | |
Ichthyosaura alpestris | Ambient sunlight | [81] | |
 | Artificial lamps | [81] | |
Limnodynastes peronii | Artificial lamps | ||
Lithobates clamitans | Ambient sunlight | [184] | |
 | Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps | [181] | |
 | Artificial lamps | [93] | |
Lithobates pipiens | Ambient sunlight | ||
 | Artificial lamps | [58] | |
Lithobates septentrionalis | Ambient sunlight | [184] | |
Lithobates sylvaticus | Ambient sunlight | [188] | |
 | Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps | [181] | |
 | Artificial lamps | [93] | |
Litoria verreauxii alpina | Ambient sunlight | [114] | |
Pelophylax perezi | Ambient sunlight | [180] | |
Pseudacris regilla | Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps | [96] | |
 | Artificial lamps | [102] | |
Rana aurora | Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps | [96] | |
Rana cascadae | Ambient sunlight | ||
 | Artificial lamps | ||
Reduced metamorph survival | Anaxyrus americanus | Artificial lamps | [93] |
Lithobates clamitans | Artificial lamps | [93] | |
Lithobates sylvaticus | Artificial lamps | [93] | |
Pseudacris regilla | Artificial lamps | [102] | |
Rana cascadae | Artificial lamps | [102] | |
Growth and development | |||
Reduced size at hatching | Rana temporaria | Ambient sunlight | [136] |
Reduced larval size | Ambystoma macrodactylum | Artificial lamps | |
 | Limnodynastes peronii | Artificial lamps | |
 | Lithobates blairi | Ambient sunlight | [189] |
Reduced size at metamorphosis | Lithobates sylvaticus | Artificial lamps | [93] |
Rana temporaria | Artificial lamps | ||
Reduced embryonic development rate | Ambystoma macrodactylum | Ambient sunlight | [191] |
Reduced larval development rate | Lithobates blairi | Ambient sunlight | [189] |
Lithobates pipiens | Artificial lamps | [58] | |
Reduced development rate to stage 25 [192] | Limnodynastes peronii | Artificial lamps | [65] |
Rana temporaria | Artificial lamps | [193] | |
Longer time to hatching | Limnodynastes peronii | Artificial lamps | |
Longer time to metamorphosis | Lithobates pipiens | Artificial lamps | [58] |
Rana temporaria | Artificial lamps | ||
Malformations and abnormalities | |||
Spinal curvature | Ambystoma macrodactylum | Ambient sunlight | [191] |
Anaxyrus boreas | Artificial lamps | ||
Hypsiboas pulchellus | Artificial lamps | [69] | |
Limnodynastes peronii | Artificial lamps | [65] | |
Lithobates clamitans | Artificial lamps | [93] | |
Lithobates pipiens | Artificial lamps | [58] | |
Lithobates sylvaticus | Ambient sunlight | [188] | |
 | Artificial lamps | [93] | |
Pleurodema bufoninum | Ambient sunlight | [92] | |
 | Artificial lamps | [92] | |
Pseudacris regilla | Artificial lamps | [102] | |
Rana temporaria | Artificial lamps | [63] | |
Rhinella arenarum | Artificial lamps | [187] | |
Xenopus laevis | Artificial lamps | [196] | |
Edema | Ambystoma macrodactylum | Ambient sunlight | [191] |
Lithobates pipiens | Artificial lamps | [58] | |
Lithobates sylvaticus | Ambient sunlight | [188] | |
Pleurodema bufoninum | Ambient sunlight | [92] | |
 | Artificial lamps | [92] | |
Pseudacris regilla | Artificial lamps | [102] | |
Rana cascadae | Artificial lamps | [102] | |
Rhinella arenarum | Artificial lamps | [187] | |
Underdeveloped gills | Rhinella arenarum | Artificial lamps | [187] |
Eye abnormalities | Anaxyrus boreas | Artificial lamps | |
Lithobates pipiens | Ambient sunlight | [185] | |
Rana aurora | Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps | [198] | |
Rana cascadae | Artificial lamps | [199] | |
Pseudacris regilla | Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps | [198] | |
Xenopus laevis | Artificial lamps | [196] | |
Limb and digit malformations | Hypsiboas pulchellus | Artificial lamps | [69] |
Lithobates pipiens | Ambient sunlight | ||
 | Artificial lamps | ||
Rana temporaria | Artificial lamps | [63] | |
Jaw malformations | Hypsiboas pulchellus | Artificial lamps | [69] |
Locomotion performance | |||
Reduced larval escape swimming speed | Limnodynastes peronii | Artificial lamps | |
Reduced metamorph jumping performance | Hypsiboas pulchellus | Artificial lamps | [69] |
Metabolism | |||
Reduced whole-animal metabolic rate in larvae | Bufo bufo | Artificial lamps | [197] |
Limnodynastes peronii | Artificial lamps | [37] | |
Increased whole-animal metabolic rate in larvae | Bufo bufo | Artificial lamps | [197] |
Increased tissue metabolic rate in larvae | Limnodynastes peronii | Artificial lamps | [37] |
Behaviour | |||
Erratic swimming behaviour | Ichthyosaura alpestris | Ambient sunlight | [81] |
 | Artificial lamps | [81] | |
Lithobates sylvaticus | Artificial lamps | [93] | |
Swimming in circles | Lithobates pipiens | Artificial lamps | [58] |
Lithobates sylvaticus | Artificial lamps | [93] | |
Reduced activity levels | Hyla versicolor | Artificial lamps | [90] |
Limnodynastes peronii | Artificial lamps | [37] | |
Rana aurora | Artificial lamps | [88] | |
Rana cascadae | Artificial lamps | [155] | |
Xenopus laevis | Artificial lamps | [90] | |
Reduced predator avoidance | Anaxyrus boreas | Artificial lamps | [64] |
Changed microhabitat use | Ambystoma barbouri | Ambient sunlight | [80] |
Ambystoma texanum | Ambient sunlight | [80] | |
Oophaga pumilio | Ambient sunlight | [201] | |
 | Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps | [201] |