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Table 1 Examples of the effects of UVR on amphibians

From: Drivers of amphibian declines: effects of ultraviolet radiation and interactions with other environmental factors

UVR effect

Species

Light Source

References

Survival

Reduced embryonic survival (hatching success)

Ambystoma gracile

Ambient sunlight

[178]

Anaxyrus boreas

Ambient sunlight

[100]

Limnodynastes peronii

Artificial lamps

[147]

Lithobates sylvaticus

Artificial lamps

[93]

Litoria aurea

Ambient sunlight

[177]

Pseudacris cadaverina

Ambient sunlight

[179]

Rana aurora

Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps

[96]

Rana cascadae

Ambient sunlight

[100]

Taricha torosa

Ambient sunlight

[179]

Reduced larval survival

Ambystoma laterale

Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps

[181]

Ambystoma macrodactylum

Artificial lamps

[78, 182]

Ambystoma maculatum

Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps

[181]

Anaxyrus americanus

Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps

[181]

 

Artificial lamps

[93]

Bufo bufo

Ambient sunlight

[180, 183]

Crinia signifera

Ambient sunlight

[114]

Hyla versicolor

Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps

[181]

 

Artificial lamps

[93]

Hypsiboas pulchellus

Artificial lamps

[69]

Ichthyosaura alpestris

Ambient sunlight

[81]

 

Artificial lamps

[81]

Limnodynastes peronii

Artificial lamps

[62, 65]

Lithobates clamitans

Ambient sunlight

[184]

 

Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps

[181]

 

Artificial lamps

[93]

Lithobates pipiens

Ambient sunlight

[184,185,186]

 

Artificial lamps

[58]

Lithobates septentrionalis

Ambient sunlight

[184]

Lithobates sylvaticus

Ambient sunlight

[188]

 

Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps

[181]

 

Artificial lamps

[93]

Litoria verreauxii alpina

Ambient sunlight

[114]

Pelophylax perezi

Ambient sunlight

[180]

Pseudacris regilla

Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps

[96]

 

Artificial lamps

[102]

Rana aurora

Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps

[96]

Rana cascadae

Ambient sunlight

[42, 155]

 

Artificial lamps

[102, 155]

Reduced metamorph survival

Anaxyrus americanus

Artificial lamps

[93]

Lithobates clamitans

Artificial lamps

[93]

Lithobates sylvaticus

Artificial lamps

[93]

Pseudacris regilla

Artificial lamps

[102]

Rana cascadae

Artificial lamps

[102]

Growth and development

Reduced size at hatching

Rana temporaria

Ambient sunlight

[136]

Reduced larval size

Ambystoma macrodactylum

Artificial lamps

[78, 182]

 

Limnodynastes peronii

Artificial lamps

[62, 147, 168]

 

Lithobates blairi

Ambient sunlight

[189]

Reduced size at metamorphosis

Lithobates sylvaticus

Artificial lamps

[93]

Rana temporaria

Artificial lamps

[63, 190]

Reduced embryonic development rate

Ambystoma macrodactylum

Ambient sunlight

[191]

Reduced larval development rate

Lithobates blairi

Ambient sunlight

[189]

Lithobates pipiens

Artificial lamps

[58]

Reduced development rate to stage 25 [192]

Limnodynastes peronii

Artificial lamps

[65]

Rana temporaria

Artificial lamps

[193]

Longer time to hatching

Limnodynastes peronii

Artificial lamps

[65, 168]

Longer time to metamorphosis

Lithobates pipiens

Artificial lamps

[58]

Rana temporaria

Artificial lamps

[63, 190]

Malformations and abnormalities

Spinal curvature

Ambystoma macrodactylum

Ambient sunlight

[191]

Anaxyrus boreas

Artificial lamps

[194, 195]

Hypsiboas pulchellus

Artificial lamps

[69]

Limnodynastes peronii

Artificial lamps

[65]

Lithobates clamitans

Artificial lamps

[93]

Lithobates pipiens

Artificial lamps

[58]

Lithobates sylvaticus

Ambient sunlight

[188]

 

Artificial lamps

[93]

Pleurodema bufoninum

Ambient sunlight

[92]

 

Artificial lamps

[92]

Pseudacris regilla

Artificial lamps

[102]

Rana temporaria

Artificial lamps

[63]

Rhinella arenarum

Artificial lamps

[187]

Xenopus laevis

Artificial lamps

[196]

Edema

Ambystoma macrodactylum

Ambient sunlight

[191]

Lithobates pipiens

Artificial lamps

[58]

Lithobates sylvaticus

Ambient sunlight

[188]

Pleurodema bufoninum

Ambient sunlight

[92]

 

Artificial lamps

[92]

Pseudacris regilla

Artificial lamps

[102]

Rana cascadae

Artificial lamps

[102]

Rhinella arenarum

Artificial lamps

[187]

Underdeveloped gills

Rhinella arenarum

Artificial lamps

[187]

Eye abnormalities

Anaxyrus boreas

Artificial lamps

[194, 195]

Lithobates pipiens

Ambient sunlight

[185]

Rana aurora

Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps

[198]

Rana cascadae

Artificial lamps

[199]

Pseudacris regilla

Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps

[198]

Xenopus laevis

Artificial lamps

[196]

Limb and digit malformations

Hypsiboas pulchellus

Artificial lamps

[69]

Lithobates pipiens

Ambient sunlight

[185, 186]

 

Artificial lamps

[58, 200]

Rana temporaria

Artificial lamps

[63]

Jaw malformations

Hypsiboas pulchellus

Artificial lamps

[69]

Locomotion performance

Reduced larval escape swimming speed

Limnodynastes peronii

Artificial lamps

[65, 168]

Reduced metamorph jumping performance

Hypsiboas pulchellus

Artificial lamps

[69]

Metabolism

Reduced whole-animal metabolic rate in larvae

Bufo bufo

Artificial lamps

[197]

Limnodynastes peronii

Artificial lamps

[37]

Increased whole-animal metabolic rate in larvae

Bufo bufo

Artificial lamps

[197]

Increased tissue metabolic rate in larvae

Limnodynastes peronii

Artificial lamps

[37]

Behaviour

Erratic swimming behaviour

Ichthyosaura alpestris

Ambient sunlight

[81]

 

Artificial lamps

[81]

Lithobates sylvaticus

Artificial lamps

[93]

Swimming in circles

Lithobates pipiens

Artificial lamps

[58]

Lithobates sylvaticus

Artificial lamps

[93]

Reduced activity levels

Hyla versicolor

Artificial lamps

[90]

Limnodynastes peronii

Artificial lamps

[37]

Rana aurora

Artificial lamps

[88]

Rana cascadae

Artificial lamps

[155]

Xenopus laevis

Artificial lamps

[90]

Reduced predator avoidance

Anaxyrus boreas

Artificial lamps

[64]

Changed microhabitat use

Ambystoma barbouri

Ambient sunlight

[80]

Ambystoma texanum

Ambient sunlight

[80]

Oophaga pumilio

Ambient sunlight

[201]

 

Ambient sunlight plus artificial lamps

[201]